The genre is also known to attract more female fans relative to other subgenres of heavy metal music. Liv Kristine of Theatre of Tragedy and Leaves' Eyes notes that the gothic tag is often misinterpreted and points out that 'not every band with female vocals is a gothic band'. There are more female singers in gothic metal than there are in any other heavy metal subgenre, but female vocals are neither necessary nor synonymous with the genre. For the female singers, the different vocal styles includes the screams and growls of Cadaveria, the 'poppy' vocals of Tanja Lainio from Lullacry and the operatic soprano style of Vibeke Stene from Tristania. Male singers in the genre range from the guttural growls and black metal shrieks of Dani Filth and Morten Veland to the clean baritone vocals of Гsten BergГёy and the bass range of Peter Steele. There is also a diverse range of vocal styles in gothic metal. One of the earliest was Anneke van Giersbergen of the Gathering, depicted above. Lead female vocalists are a common presence in the gothic metal genre. Other variations include the symphonic black metal of Trail of Tears, the folk metal of Midnattsol, the industrial metal of Deathstars, Gothminister and Neon Synthesis, the alternative metal of Katatonia, Evanescence, Lacuna Coil and Mushroomhead, the doom metal of Type O Negative, the nu metal of Coal Chamber, and the metalcore of Motionless in White. The black metal approach of Cradle of Filth, Theatres des Vampires and early Moonspell can be found in such subsequent bands as Graveworm, Drastique and Samsas Traum while the symphonic metal approach of Tristania and Within Temptation can be found in other groups like Epica, Sirenia and After Forever. The doom metal background of early pioneers like Anathema, Paradise Lost and My Dying Bride has been taken up by groups like Artrosis, Ava Inferi and Draconian. Gothic metal is a varied genre with bands pursuing many different directions, from 'slow and crushing variations' to 'orchestral and bombastic'. Allmusic defines the genre as a fusion of 'the bleak, icy atmospherics of goth rock with the loud guitars and aggression of heavy metal' and further notes that 'true goth metal is always directly influenced by goth rockВ - ethereal synths and spooky textures are just as important as guitar riffs, if not more so'. Gothic metal has also sometimes been viewed as 'a combination of the darkness and melancholy of goth rock with heavy metal'. The adjective 'dark' is commonly used to describe gothic music in general while other terms that are less frequently used include deep, romantic, passionate and intense. The music of gothic metal is generally characterised by its dark atmospheres. In the US, however, only a few bands such as Type O Negative and Evanescence have found some degree of commercial success. In the 21st century, gothic metal has moved towards the mainstream in Europe, particularly in Finland where groups such as Entwine, HIM, Lullacry and Poisonblack have released hit singles or chart-topping albums. By the end of the decade, a symphonic metal variant of gothic metal had been developed by Tristania, Within Temptation and Nightwish also integrated elements of gothic metal into their well-known mix of symphonic metal and power metal. During the mid-1990s, Moonspell, Theatres des Vampires, Rotting Christ and Cradle of Filth brought the gothic approach to black metal. Norwegian band Theatre of Tragedy developed the 'beauty and the beast' aesthetic of combining aggressive male vocals with clean female vocals, a contrast that had been adopted by groups before them, but not as a regular trademark several bands have employed the technique since. Other pioneers from the first half of the 1990s include Type O Negative from the United States, Tiamat and Katatonia from Sweden, and the Gathering from the Netherlands. Pioneers of gothic metal include Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride and Anathema, all from the north of England. Lyrics are generally dark and introspective with inspiration from gothic fiction as well as personal experiences. The genre originated during the early 1990s in the United Kingdom originally as an outgrowth of death-doom, a fusion of death metal and doom metal. The music of gothic metal is diverse with bands known to adopt the gothic approach to different styles of heavy metal music. Gothic metal (or goth metal) is a fusion genre combining the aggression of heavy metal with the dark atmospheres of gothic rock.

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